Review – From Pogroms to Massacres and Mass-Graves
by Marwaan Macan-Markar, Sunday Leader, June 20, 1999
[Editorial comment: Tamils have endured a multitude of atrocities under the rule of the majority in Sri Lanka. It is critical to review these historic events (massacres and mass graves) since the latent emotions – based on myths or facts – that made the very events possible can be triggered again at any moment by the manipulative Sinhala leaders. Strengthening Tamil solidarity is a must while we give the peace process another chance. While the peace process can justify the position of the victim, it can also be used as a tool to weaken their resistance movement.]
For a summary on massgraves in Sri Lanka please visit this link(Adobe file).
Paramanathan Selvarajah still remembers the clothes his son wore that day in July ‘96 – a light blue shirt and ash coloured trousers – and such trinkets as a gold chain, two rings and a wristwatch. He referred to them while recalling the events surrounding his son’s disappearance.
Selvarajah Prabhakaran was 24 at the time. He had been working at a textile shop. On July 31, while heading home on his scooter, he was stopped at an army checkpoint in Chemmani, four kilometers south of Jaffna. Thereafter, he had been taken to an army camp nearby.
It was hours later that his father learnt about it. A friend had informed him, a friend who had been traveling a short distance behind Prabhakaran. And Selvarajah responded to the news immediately: he headed towards the camp. It was 5:30 in the evening.
Denied
When he got there, Selvarajah recognised his son’s scooter. It was parked in a corner, close to the entrance of the camp. But when he inquired after his son, the soldiers on duty denied having seen such a person. Nobody answering Prabhakaran’s description had been arrested that day, he was told. Even such glaring evidence as his son’s scooter, which Selvarajah had pointed to, did not matter. The soldiers had stuck to their story.
Heading home that evening, the soft-spoken, silver-haired father of two resolved to get his son back. It was a decision made amidst a swirl of worry and fear. It was a decision that Selvarajah soon found out was not an isolated one. For in his painful quest to find Prabhakaran, he came into contact with other parents, wives who had suffered a similar fate. As he said last Wednesday: “There were 22 persons who were arrested at the checkpoint that day. They were all taken to the camp and have not been seen since.”
But they were not the only ones. In ‘96, the first year after government troops moved into the Jaffna peninsula, close to 628 youth ‘disappeared.’ And the narratives of their families vary marginally when they recall what happened. In the main, all of them have not been seen after they were plucked from their homes, from their work, from the streets by the army. In some instances, the soldiers had done so in uniform.
Today, 64-year-old Selvarajah heads an organisation of families who have suffered such a fate: Jaffna’s Guardian Association for the Families of the Disappeared. Wh
at he remembers of his son, the clothes and the trinkets, others in this group remember, too. And such details will prove useful in their painful quest for their missing kin.
For it is evidence like that that the forensic team, led by Professor Niriellage Chandrasiri, will find helpful when they have to identify the bodies they unearth in Chemmani, where the remains of nearly 400 of the ‘disappeared’ are said to be buried. And it was to provide such information, if required, that prompted Selvarajah to make his way on Wednesday afternoon to witness the first spades scoop the dry earth of Chemmani, a flat marshland covered with wild grass and fringed with coconut and palmyrah palms. As he watched it, tears welled up in his eyes.
Statement
The events leading up to the excavation of mass graves in Chemmani began in July, last year (1998), soon after the 27-year-old Somaratne Rajapakse, a corporal in the army, made a statement from the dock of the Colombo High Court after he and four other military colleagues were convicted and sentenced to death for the rape and murder of schoolgirl Krishanthi Kumarswamy and the multiple murders of her mother, her brother and her neighbour.
Rajapakse said: “We didn’t kill anyone. We only buried bodies. We can show you where 300 to 400 bodies have been buried.” And the locality was Chemmani, an area where Rajapakse and his colleagues had served during their tour of duty in the north.
On Tuesday morning, Rajapakse was flown to Jaffna under the watchful eye of policemen and prison officers. During the brief period he spent at the Palaly airport, he looked worried. The senior police officer who met him noticed the traces of worry on his forehead. That could be understood given Rajapakse’s mission: to expose members of the army he had once served.
By then, he was aware of the two death threats that his family had received. And when he walked out of the Antonov, handcuffed to a prison official, there were a number of soldiers to be seen. It was only when he was in the custody of the Jaffna police, locked in solitary confinement in a cell, that he relaxed.
That day the Jaffna police were not taking any chances with their prisoner. To ensure his safety, no military men were permitted within the vicinity of the police station; no food from outside was given to him. What he ate and drank till his appearance in court came from the police kitchen. Everything, said a police officer, was tasted before given to Rajapakse.
Rajapakse’s revelation in the magistrate’s court was explosive. Clearly, he was fighting for his life.
Portraying himself as a victim, he spent close to an hour explaining in Sinhala what had gone on in the area he had served. And he was not short on details, nor did he display any restraint in naming the officers in his sector who, he said, were responsible for the bodies in Chemmani.
At one point, he said: “I can show you how people were arrested in Ariyalai, tortured, and buried.” There was another occasion when he described the torment that a youth named Uthayakumar had been put through: his body had been slashed with blades and he had been hung by his feet.
Married couple
Then there was an incident involving Captain Lalith Hewa, who had taken into custody a married couple, raped the wife, and then killed her and a husband by beating them up with a mammoty and iron rods. In that gruesome instance, it was Rajapakse who had been ordered to bring the mammoty.
Following this, Rajapakse was driven to Chemmani where he had agreed to show one of the 10 grave sites where he had buried bodies. And the location he chose, a junction along the Nallur road, by the side of a gravel track, was almost 500 metres from the main road, and a similar distance from the place where Chandrasiri and his forensic team had conducted a study to assess if the soil had been disturbed on March 5 this year. According to Rajapakse, there were two bodies buried at the spot.
Investigators’ strategy
At the time the investigators had agreed upon a common strategy. According to State Counsel Yasantha Kodagoda, only four bodies would be unearthed. Addressing a press conference earlier that day at the military base in Palaly, Kodagoda spelt out their reasons. “We have the logistics to collect only four skeletal remains,” he said. If they succeeded, he added, the skeletal remains would be flown to Chandrasiri’s office in Galle for further analysis.
Three hours after the digging had begun, a slow process, made more difficul
t by the dry bed of sand, the forensic team came upon earth that was of a different character to the few feet of top soil they had unearthed. It was different in colour and texture. As one soil expert said, the next day, it had the hallmarks of soil one would notice near a grave. “We knew we were onto something by the amount of moisture,” he added.
An hour later, they came upon the first sign of a buried body: a part of a knee with shreds of a trouser clinging to it. It was about two feet from the surface. But with fading light and the shadows stretching over this desolate area, they stopped. The bed of the pit was covered with a black plastic sheet. A police guard was placed around it.
Artwork: http://www.usaid.gov/iraq/photogallery
Picture: Frontline (Mothers), BBC (excavation)
Originally posted July 31, 2004